What is a CISO | 2025 Guide to Skills, Responsibilities, Salaries, & More
Learn more about a CISO’s responsibilities and how to hire a CISO.
May 9th, 2025
A CISO is a senior executive who is responsible for overseeing and managing an organization's information security strategy. Their primary goal is to develop strategies that protect a company's data, technology, and IT infrastructure from threats, like cyberattacks and data breaches.
What does CISO stand for?
CISO stands for "Chief Information Security Officer."
What does a CISO do, exactly?
CISOs handle everything from creating and optimizing security protocols to assessing risks and implementing new technologies for various teams. This executive position is increasingly crucial as businesses face a spike in costly data breaches and debilitating security threats. As IBM reported, data breaches cost businesses an average of $4.9 million.
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What services does a CISO provide?
This isn't your grandfather's executive IT position either. The CISO has evolved from a technical IT role into a strategic executive leader that balances cybersecurity with business growth. And the CISO's influence on organizational goals is only expected to increase---especially with the rise of the remote workforce and AI technologies. According to a recent study from Deloitte, 73% percent of "cyber decision-makers" said CISO involvement in strategy conversations had increased in their organizations over the past year.
Of course, CISO responsibilities can vary depending on each organization's security needs and priorities. In general, however, CISOs should be able to:
- Develop cybersecurity strategies: These executives create and implement policies to safeguard sensitive data, applications, and systems from internal and external threats.
- Manage and mitigate risk: CISOs are trained to identify and assess security risks, and put mitigation strategies in place to prevent their impact.
- Create incident response plans: If security breaches or cyberattacks do occur, CISOs are ready with recovery and response protocols.
- Provide security awareness training: CISOs can take the lead on educating teams about how to spot and avoid cybersecurity threats like phishing or ransomware.
- Maintain compliance: As security and data privacy regulations change, CISOs can help organizations adhere to new laws and standards, keeping their systems and customers protected.
- Collaborate with executives: As strategic leaders, CISOs can communicate with the rest of the C-suite to align security strategies with overall business goals.
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What skills do CISOs need to succeed?
CISOs aren't just IT experts and engineers. They're C-suite strategists who need the knowledge and experience to effectively implement forward-thinking strategies---and advanced security tools---across an organization.
To that end, it's crucial for successful CISOs to have these skills their tool belts:
- Leadership skills: CISO must be able to guide teams through complex cybersecurity initiatives and help them navigate stressful risk scenarios with authority and level-headedness.
- Strategic planning skills: CISOs should be able to consistently strategize, evaluate, and optimize new processes to improve IT security.
- Technical proficiency: These executives should have deep knowledge of cybersecurity frameworks, encryption technologies, and identity management systems.
- Communication skills: CISOs have the tough job of articulating complex technical issues to often non-technical executives and team leaders.
- Financial planning skills: Since security systems and strategies can be expensive, CISOs should be able to forecast budgets and plan investments without breaking the bank.
- Problem-solving skills: CISOs will need to quickly adapt to changing IT trends and emerging cybersecurity threats, devising innovative solutions for long-term growth.
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What's the difference between a CISO and a CIO?
While similar in name, a Chief Information Security Officer and Chief Information Officer (CIO) are technically two distinct executive roles. Yes, they both have a heady hand in an organization's IT strategies, but with a different focus. Most notably, a CIO oversees the organization's entire IT strategy and infrastructure; they usually find new ways to streamline processes and boost efficiency. The CISO, on the other hand, focuses specifically on IT security, protecting the organization's digital assets and systems from internal and external threats.
Who does a CISO report to?
Depending on each company's setup, the CISO might report to the CIO in order to keep their IT and security strategies aligned. In fact, a 2023 study showed that more than one-third CISOs use this reporting hierarchy, and only 5% report to CEOs. Outside of those options, CISOs might also report to other executives, like the chief operating officer (COO) or chief finance officer (CFO).
Who reports to a CISO?
As safeguards of a company's IT systems, CISOs might have several direct reports. For instance, they might help manage IT teams, cybersecurity operations teams, and risk management and compliance teams. CISOs might also work with engineering managers and DevOps leaders to make sure security protocols are implemented properly, operating efficiently, and aligned with overall business goals.
How does someone build a career as a CISO?
Since the role of CISO is constantly evolving, there's no one-track path to this executive position. As Deloitte put it, "This multifaceted role has led to diverse career paths, allowing both tech and business professionals to transition into CISO positions."
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Still, let's break this down a bit further. Building a career as a CISO can generally involve:
- Earning a relevant degree: A future CISO might earn a bachelor's degree in computer science, information technology, cybersecurity, or a related field. They might also go on to earn an advanced degree like a master of science in cybersecurity or information systems management.
- Gaining technical experience: In terms of on-the-job experience, aspiring CISOs might start with entry- and mid-level roles like cybersecurity analyst, IT support specialist, or security engineer.
- Developing leadership experience: Climbing the ladder, future CISOs must prove their leadership abilities by taking on senior roles like security architect, IT project manager, or director of cybersecurity operations. From here, they can work their way up to the C-suite.
- Completing certifications: CISOs can also stand out in their field---and boost their skills---by earning credentials like Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP), Certified Information Security Manager (CISM), or Certified Chief Information Security Officer (CCISO).
What is the difference between a CISO and a fractional CISO?
For organizations that aren't ready to bring on a new full-time executive, there is a solution: the fractional CISO. Basically, full-time and fractional CISOs provide the same services, just with a different time commitment and compensation package.
While full-time CISOs need to be wooed and retained with salary, benefits, and bonuses, fractional CISOs can develop next-level security strategies at a fraction of the cost. That's because they're hired on a part-time or contract basis. This allows them to work for multiple organizations at a time and build a diverse portfolio of experience in their field.
How do I hire a full-time CISO?
Hiring a full-time CISO is no small task. This person will be responsible for overseeing and securing your entire IT systems infrastructure; needless to say, you want to be sure you're making the right choice. The problem is, sourcing, vetting, and onboarding a brand-new executive can take several months, if not longer. In that time, you could've implemented new AI tools, gone through an entire reorg, and or even narrowly avoided a cybersecurity threat.
Think about it. To hire your new---or even first---CISO, you'll need to draft a compelling job description, post on job boards or executive recruiting platforms, run through a series of interviews and assessments, and negotiate over complex contracts. Not to mention, you'll need to make sure all stakeholders and other execs are on board every step of the way. Once you finalize your hire---and they confirm that they want to join your company---then the training and onboarding process begins, which can stretch out into additional weeks or months.
How much does it cost to hire a CISO?
The average salary of a CISO is $241,000, though it can range from $205,000 to $292,000. As with any executive compensation, CISO salaries can vary based on organizational needs, industries, and the qualifications of each candidate.
To bring on a full-time CISO, however, you don't just have to consider annual salaries. You also have to account for bonuses, benefits, stock options, and severance packages. In some cases, organizations might also have to shell out funds to relocate their new CISO.
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Why should I hire a fractional CISO?
A fractional CISO is a flexible, cost-effective option for companies that want to enhance their IT security but aren't ready to bring on a full-time CISO. By going fractional, organizations can access top-tier cybersecurity talent at a fraction of the cost.
Beyond just their cost savings, fractional CISOs also bring these benefits to table:
- Knowledge of the latest industry trends: Since fractional CISOs aren't stuck with one company, they're constantly staying up-to-date on the latest technologies and strategies. This way, they're equipped to help companies across industries optimize security protocols and address emerging threats.
- Fresh, unbiased perspectives: As external hires, fractional CISOs bring their unique insights and best practices to help spot roadblocks and opportunities internal teams might miss.
- A broad professional network: Fractional CISOs can leverage their vast networks of IT professionals, security analysts, and business leaders to make an impact at each organization.
Ready to see it for yourself? Learn more about how to hire fractional IT leader for your business.
